Ukumiswa kweBolt ekumgangatho ophezulu

(1) Ukumiswa kwebholithi:ibholiti phakathi kwelitye elithambileyo, elixengaxengayo, elingazinzanga kunye nomzimba womhlaba, ibambelele enzonzobileni njengelitye elizinzileyo kunye nomzimba womhlaba, ibonelela ngoxinzelelo olwaneleyo, ukoyisa ubunzima belitye elityibilikayo kunye nomzimba womhlaba kunye namandla okutyibilika, thintela ukutyibilika kodonga lomqolomba, ukudilika.

(2) Isiphumo sokuqinisa i-Extrusion:emva kokuba i-bolt igxininiswe, indawo yoxinzelelo yenziwa kwindawo ethile ejikeleze kuyo.Iibholithi zicwangciswe ngendlela efanelekileyo ukwenzela ukuba iindawo zokucinezela ezenziwe ngeebholithi ezikufutshane zijongane ukwenza iindawo zoxinzelelo.I-strata ekhululekile kwindawo yoxinzelelo yomelezwa ngebholithi ukunyusa ingqibelelo kunye nomthamo wokuthwala.

(3) Umqadi odibeneyo (i-arch) isiphumo:emva kokuba i-bolt ifakwe kwi-stratum kubunzulu obuthile, i-strata phantsi kwesenzo somkhosi we-anchoring icinezela omnye nomnye, ukuchasana kwe-friction interlayer kuyanda, kwaye uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kunye nokuphambuka kuncipha kakhulu, okulinganayo nokuguqula umqadi olula odibeneyo. (i-arch) ibe ngumqadi odibeneyo (i-arch).Ukuqina kwe-flexural kunye namandla eemitha ezidibeneyo (ii-arches) ziphuculwe kakhulu, ngaloo ndlela ziphucula amandla okuthwala i-stratum.Okukhona amandla okubambelela abonelelwa ngebholiti, kokukhona kucaca ngakumbi umphumo.

(4) ubude bebholi:ubude obupheleleyo obufunekayo xa i-bolt inokudlala ngokufanelekileyo indima yayo ngokuhambelana noyilo.Xa kubalwa ngokwentshukumo yokunqunyanyiswa, sisimbuku sobude be-ankile, ubude bokomelezwa kunye nobude obuveziweyo.Xa kubalwa ngokomsebenzi we-beam (i-arch) edibeneyo, yi-1.2 ngokuphindaphinda isixa se-boam edibeneyo (i-arch) ubude kunye nobude obuveziweyo.Ngokwexabiso lokwenyani, ubude obongezelelweyo obandisiweyo ngenxa yecontour engalinganiyo yokugrumba kufuneka nayo iqwalaselwe.

(5) Ubude beAnchorage:ubude be-anchor bolt kwi-stratum ezinzileyo inokukhethwa ngokwamava okanye ukubala.Ngokwamava okukhetha, qwalasela imowudi ye-anchorage kunye nobubanzi bebholithi.Xa ukhetha ngokobalo, iqhina phakathi kodaka kunye nebholiti kunye neqhina phakathi kodaka kunye nodonga lomngxuma kufuneka liqwalaselwe.

(6) Ubude bokuqinisa:ngokobude belitye elijikelezileyo elixhonywe ecaleni kwendlela yebholithi, okanye umphakamo womthwalo wamatye ajikelezileyo, nawo angasetyenziselwa ukumisela ubungakanani besangqa esixekileyo esilinganiswe ngamaza omsindo kunye nobunye ubuchwepheshe bovavanyo.

(7) Uvavanyo lokutsalwa kwebholithi:enye yeendlela zokuhlola umgangatho wokwakhiwa kwebholithi kunye nokumisela amandla okutsalwa kwebholithi.Ngaphambi kokuba i-bolt igqunywe nge-shotcrete, i-bolt tension gauge okanye i-torsional torque wrench isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ngokuthe ngqo.Emva kokuba ubambe ibholithi, uxinzelelo ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye ngokulinganayo de i-gauge gauge yokufunda ifikelele kwixabiso elihambelana nexabiso loyilo, okanye wenze i-bolt ikhululeke, ngokubanzi musa ukwenza uvavanyo olutshabalalisayo.Emva kokuba ibholithi igqunywe nge-shotcrete, ingqinwa ngesixhobo sokujonga ibholiti ize ilinganiswe ngokucwangcisa.Inani leebholithi zovavanyo kufuneka lithathwe njengeemitha ezingama-30-50 zobude betonela okanye iibholiti ezingama-300 kwiqela, kwaye iqela ngalinye akufunekanga libe ngaphantsi kweebholithi ezi-3, ekufuneka zikhethwe ngokulinganayo kumqolo weebholiti kwicandelo elinye. indawo yokukhangela.

Intonga ye-ankile sisakhiwo senkqubo yentonga yamatye kunye nokuqiniswa komhlaba.

Ngokusebenzisa intshukumo yoxinzelelo lwelongitudinal yebholithi, intsilelo yokuba umthamo wokuzinza welitye nomhlaba ungaphantsi kakhulu kunomthamo wokucinezela unokoyiswa.

Kumphezulu, inqanda ukwahlulwa kwamatye kunye nobunzima bomhlaba ukusuka kowokuqala.

Ngokwe-macroscopically, yonyusa umanyano lwamatye nomhlaba.

Ukusuka kumbono womatshini, ikakhulu kukuphucula ubumbano C kunye ne-Angle ye-friction yangaphakathi φ yobunzima bamatye obujikelezileyo.

Ngokwenyani, ibholithi ibekwe kwilitye kunye nomzimba womhlaba kwaye yenza i-complex entsha.Ibholithi kule complex isombulula intsilelo yomthamo ophantsi we-tensile yobunzima bamatye obungqongileyo.Ngaloo ndlela, amandla okuthwala i-rock mass ngokwayo yomelezwa kakhulu.

I-Bolt yeyona ndawo isisiseko yenkxaso yendlela kwimigodi yangoku ephantsi komhlaba, edibanisa iliwa elijikelezileyo lendlela kunye kwaye lenze ilitye elijikelezileyo ngokwalo.

Inkxaso ngokwayo ngoku i-bolt ayisetyenziswanga kuphela kwimigodi, kodwa iphinda isetyenziswe kubuchwephesha bobunjineli, ukuqiniswa okusebenzayo kwemithambeka, i-tunnels, i-DAMS kunye nokunye.